Immigration policy plays a crucial role in shaping Canada’s demographic and economic dynamics. It dictates how the government regulates who can enter and settle in the country, and it has undergone significant changes since Confederation. Historically, immigration policies aim to grow the population, develop the land, and ensure a stable labor force for the economy. This article examines the key developments in Canada’s immigration policy, particularly under the leadership of Stephen Harper and Justin Trudeau, highlighting the contrasting philosophies and approaches of these two leaders.

Historical Context

Since World War II, various federal departments have been responsible for overseeing immigration policy in Canada. From the Ministry of Mines and Resources in the late 1930s, to the Department of Citizenship and Immigration (CIC) from 1950-1966 and 1992-2016, these entities laid the groundwork for modern immigration protocols. Currently, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) is primarily responsible for managing the immigration framework, shaping policies that respond to changing societal needs.

Stephen Harper’s Conservative Government (2006-2015)

Stephen Harper’s tenure was marked by a comprehensive overhaul of Canada’s immigration system. As the Minister of Citizenship, Immigration, and Multiculturalism, Jason Kenney played a key role in implementing significant reforms. His leadership led to the introduction of programs such as the Parent and Grandparent Super Visa and the Start-Up Visa for entrepreneurs. These initiatives were designed to draw skilled individuals while also tackling demographic issues.

Although there were some progressive initiatives, Harper’s administration encountered criticism regarding its handling of the Syrian refugee crisis. The government’s strategy heavily focused on security issues and selective resettlement, which prompted considerable backlash from advocacy groups. Furthermore, Kenney’s policies concerning cuts to refugee health care and reducing the age of dependent children from 22 to 19 years old were met with scrutiny.

Introduction of Express Entry

One of the most notable reforms of Harper’s Government was the launch of the Express Entry system in 2015. This initiative transformed Canada’s immigration framework from one that permitted direct admission as permanent residents to a system requiring potential immigrants to prove their capability to become economically established in Canada.

The system was built around three main goals: flexibility in selection, responsiveness to labor market needs, and speed in processing applications. Over time, despite facing criticism and calls for adjustments, Express Entry achieved many of its intended outcomes.

Ministerial Powers and CBSA Initiatives

A key change in Canada’s immigration system was the transfer of responsibility for immigration program oversight from Parliament to Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) and the Department of Economic and Social Development Canada (ESDC). Through ministerial instructions, these agencies can create or eliminate programs, manage application processing, impose caps, and refuse applications with limited parliamentary oversight.

The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) launched cessation applications against protected individuals who are suspected of re-availing themselves of the protection from their country of origin.

In 2014, legislation allowed for the revocation of Canadian citizenship for citizens convicted of serious offences, including terrorism, marking the first time this applied to those born in Canada—a controversial step that sparked public debate.

Justin Trudeau’s Liberal Government (2015-Present)

Following the election of Justin Trudeau and the Liberal Party in 2015, a new direction emerged in Canada’s immigration policy. Central to Trudeau’s platform was an ambitious commitment to increase immigration levels, with a particular focus on humanitarian efforts and family reunification.

Key Policy Changes

Increased Immigration Levels: The Liberal government set high immigration targets, aiming to welcome a substantial number of newcomers, including refugees and family members.

Refugee Resettlement Initiatives: Notable initiatives aimed at resettling Syrian refugees garnered international attention, showcasing Canada as a leader in humanitarian immigration responses.

Refining Express Entry: Although Express Entry was initially launched during Harper’s tenure, Trudeau’s administration made significant refinements, including the introduction of category-based selections to address labor market demands better.

Family Reunification Programs: Emphasis was placed on expediting family sponsorship applications, allowing immigrants to reunite with family members more efficiently.

Support for International Students: The government expanded pathways for international students to transition to permanent residency, recognizing the value they bring to Canada’s economy.

Temporary Foreign Worker Program Adjustments: The Liberal government revamped the Temporary Foreign Worker Program to better align it with labor market needs while ensuring protections for workers.

Commitment to Diversity and Inclusion: Policies promoting diversity and inclusivity became central to the Trudeau government’s immigration framework, addressing issues of discrimination and supporting marginalized communities.

Boosting francophone immigration: The Liberal government increased the number of French-speaking immigrants outside Quebec and funded programs that support their integration. Additionally, the government launched initiatives to improve the recruitment and retention of Francophone immigrants

Use of Technology: There was an increased focus on leveraging technology to streamline immigration processes, enhancing access and efficiency for applicants.

Public Engagement: Engaging with stakeholders, including diverse communities and provinces, became a crucial part of the policy development process, ensuring that the immigration system reflected the needs and concerns of Canadians.

Recent Developments

Despite committing to high immigration levels, Trudeau’s government announced a significant cut in immigration targets for 2025, reducing the anticipated number from 500,000 to 395,000—a notable shift that reflects changing political framework and economic considerations.

Conclusion

The evolution of Canada’s immigration policy under the Harper and Trudeau administrations illustrates the complex interplay of humanitarian concerns, economic needs, and domestic values. While Harper’s government emphasized selective immigration and security, Trudeau’s approach focuses on fostering inclusivity and responding to humanitarian crises. The future of Canada’s immigration system, influenced by recent policy shifts and upcoming federal elections, will continue to shape the nation’s identity and its demographic future. As public opinion evolves, immigration remains a critical topic in Canadian politics, with substantial implications for the country’s growth and international reputation.